Great Falls, Montana

Great Falls, Montana
—  City  —
Great Falls, Montana at dusk

Seal
Nickname(s): The Electric City
Location of Great Falls, Montana
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Montana
County Cascade
Government
 - Mayor Michael Winters
Area
 - Total 19.9 sq mi (51.6 km2)
 - Land 19.5 sq mi (50.5 km2)
 - Water 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2)
Elevation 3,330 ft (1,015 m)
Population (2000)
 - Total 56,690
 - Density 2,909.1/sq mi (1,123.2/km2)
Time zone Mountain (MST) (UTC-7)
 - Summer (DST) MDT (UTC-6)
ZIP codes 59401-59406
Area code(s) 406
FIPS code 30-32800
GNIS feature ID 0802113
Website http://www.greatfallsmt.net/
Aerial view of Great Falls and the Missouri River

Great Falls is a city in and the county seat of Cascade County, Montana, United States.[1] The population was 56,690 at the 2000 census. It is the principal city of the 'Great Falls, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area', which encompasses all of Cascade County. Great Falls takes its name from the series of five waterfalls that the Lewis and Clark Expedition had to portage around over a ten mile stretch, requiring 31 days of arduous labor, in their 1805-06 exploration of the Louisiana Purchase. Two undeveloped parts of their portage route are included within the Great Falls Portage, a National Historic Landmark.

The city is home to the C. M. Russell Museum Complex, the University of Great Falls, Giant Springs, the Roe River (world's shortest river), and the Montana School for the Deaf and the Blind, as well as the Great Falls Voyagers minor league baseball (formerly known as the Great Falls White Sox) team. The local newspaper is the Great Falls Tribune. Great Falls is known as the "Electric City" due to the five hydroelectric dams that are in the nearby vicinity along the Missouri River.

A Coldwell Banker Home Price Comparison Index listed Great Falls as the most affordable area of 348 markets in the US, Canada, and Puerto Rico.

Contents

Geography and climate

Map of Montana showing Glacial Lake Great Falls.

Great Falls is located at (47.503657, -111.286299),[2] near several waterfalls on the Missouri River. It lies near the center of Montana on the northern Great Plains, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canadian border.

The city of Great Falls lies atop the Great Falls Tectonic Zone, an intracontinental shear zone between two geologic provinces of basement rock of the Archean period which form part of the North American continent.[3] The city lies at the southern reach of the Laurentide ice sheet, a vast glacial sheet of ice which covered much of North America during the last glacial period. Approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Missouri River flowed northward into a terminal lake.[4][5] The Laurentide ice sheet pushed the river southward.[4][6] Between 15,000 BCE and 11,000 BCE, the Laurentide ice sheet blocked the Missouri River and created Glacial Lake Great Falls.[6][7][8] About 13,000 BCE, as the glacier retreated, Glacial Lake Great Falls emptied catastrophically in a glacial lake outburst flood.[8] The current course of the Missouri River essentially marks the southern boundary of the Laurentide ice sheet.[9] The Missouri River flowed eastward around the glacial mass, settling into its present course.[4] As the ice retreated, meltwater from Glacial Lake Great Falls poured through Highwood Mountains and eroded the mile-long, 500-foot deep Shonkin Sag—one of the most famous prehistoric meltwater channels in the world.[10]

Great Falls is also situated on a fall line unconformity in the Great Falls Tectonic Zone,[11] as well as atop the Kootenai Formation, a mostly nonmarine sandstone laid down by rivers, glaciers, and lakes in the past.[12][13]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.9 square miles (51.6 km²), of which, 19.5 square miles (50.5 km²) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (1.1 km²) of it (2.21%) is water.

Great Falls has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Thanks to the chinook wind, winter in Great Falls is relatively mild, but when the wind is absent, extremely cold temperatures lower than −20 °F (−29 °C) are common. Great Falls receives an average of 14.89 inches (378 mm) of precipitation, mostly in the form of summer thunderstorms and winter snow.

Climate data for Great Falls
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19.4)		 84
(28.9)		 80
(26.7)		 89
(31.7)		 100
(37.8)		 102
(38.9)		 107
(41.7)		 106
(41.1)		 100
(37.8)		 91
(32.8)		 83
(28.3)		 69
(20.6)		 107
(41.7)
Average high °F (°C) 32
(0)		 38
(3.3)		 45
(7.2)		 56
(13.3)		 65
(18.3)		 74
(23.3)		 82
(27.8)		 81
(27.2)		 70
(21.1)		 58
(14.4)		 42
(5.6)		 34
(1.1)		 56
(13.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 22
(-5.6)		 26
(-3.3)		 33
(0.6)		 43
(6.1)		 51
(10.6)		 60
(15.6)		 66
(18.9)		 66
(18.9)		 55
(12.8)		 46
(7.8)		 32
(0)		 24
(-4.4)		 44
(6.7)
Average low °F (°C) 11
(-11.7)		 15
(-9.4)		 21
(-6.1)		 30
(-1.1)		 38
(3.3)		 46
(7.8)		 50
(10)		 50
(10)		 41
(5)		 33
(0.6)		 23
(-5)		 14
(-10)		 31
(-0.6)
Record low °F (°C) -44
(-42.2)		 -32
(-35.6)		 -29
(-33.9)		 -10
(-23.3)		 15
(-9.4)		 31
(-0.6)		 35
(1.7)		 30
(-1.1)		 10
(-12.2)		 -11
(-23.9)		 -25
(-31.7)		 -43
(-41.7)		 -49
(-45)
Precipitation inches (mm) 0.68
(17.3)		 0.51
(13)		 1.01
(25.7)		 1.40
(35.6)		 2.53
(64.3)		 2.24
(56.9)		 1.45
(36.8)		 1.65
(41.9)		 1.23
(31.2)		 0.93
(23.6)		 0.59
(15)		 0.67
(17)		 14.89
(378.2)
Source: Weather.com[14]

Demographics

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1890 3,979
—
1900 14,930 275.2%
1910 13,948 −6.6%
1920 24,121 72.9%
1930 28,822 19.5%
1940 29,928 3.8%
1950 39,214 31.0%
1960 55,244 40.9%
1970 60,091 8.8%
1980 56,725 −5.6%
1990 55,097 −2.9%
2000 56,690 2.9%
Est. 2007 58,827 3.8%
source:[15][16]

As of the census of 2000,[17] there were 56,690 people, 23,834 households, and 14,848 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,909.1 people per square mile (1,123.0/km²). There were 25,250 housing units at an average density of 1,295.7/sq mi (500.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 89.96% White, 0.95% African American, 5.09% Native American, 0.86% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.39% of the population.

There were 23,834 households out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,436, and the median income for a family was $40,107. Males had a median income of $29,353 versus $20,859 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,059. About 11.1% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older.

History

The first human beings to live in the Great Falls area were Paleo-Indians who migrated into the region between 9,500 BCE and 8,270 BCE.[8][18] The earliest inhabitants of North America entered Montana east of the Continental Divide between the mountains and the Laurentide ice sheet.[19] The area remained only sparsely inhabited, however.[20] Salish Indians would often hunt bison in the region on a seasonal basis, but no permanent settlements existed at or near Great Falls for much of prehistory.[20] Around 1600, Piegan Blackfoot Indians, migrating west, entered the area, pushing the Salish back into the Rocky Mountains and claiming the site now known as Great Falls as their own.[20] The Great Falls location remained in the tribal territory of the Blackfeet until the United States claimed the region in 1803.[21][22]

Meriwether Lewis was the first white person to visit the site, which he did on June 13, 1805, as part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[23][24] York, an African American slave owned by William Clark and who had participated in the Expedition, was the first black American to visit the site of the future city.[25]

1891 bird's eye illustration of Great Falls
Cattle roundup in Great Falls, circa 1890

Following the return passage of Lewis and Clark in 1806,[26] there is no record of any white person visiting the site of the city of Great Falls until explorer and trapper Jim Bridger reached the area in 1822.[21] Bridger and Major Andrew Henry led a fur-trading expedition to the future city location in April 1823 (and were attacked by Blackfeet Indians while camping at the site).[27] British explorer Alexander Ross trapped around Great Falls in 1824.[28] In 1838, a mapping expedition sent by the U.S. federal government and guided by Bridger spent four years in the area.[21] Margaret Harkness Woodman became first white woman to visit the Great Falls area in 1862.[29]

The Great Falls of the Missouri River marked the limit of the navigable section of the Missouri River,[30] and the first steamboat arrived at future site of the city in 1859.[31]

Politically, future site of Great Falls passed through numerous hands in the 19th century. It was part of the unincorporated frontier until May 30, 1854, when Congress established the Nebraska Territory.[32] Indian attacks on white explorers and settlers dropped significantly after Isaac Stevens negotiated the Treaty of Hellgate in 1855, and white settlement in the area began to occur.[21] On March 2, 1861, the site became part of the Dakota Territory.[33] The Great Falls area was incorporated into the Idaho Territory on March 4, 1863,[34] and then into the Montana Territory on May 28, 1864.[20] It became part of the state of Montana upon that territory's admission to statehood on November 8, 1889.[20]

Great Falls was founded in 1883. Businessman Paris Gibson visited the Great Falls of the Missouri River in 1880, and was deeply impressed by the possibilities for building a major industrial city near the falls with power provided by hydroelectricity.[35][36][37][38] He returned in 1883 with surveyors and platted a permanent settlement the south side of the river.[21][35][36] The city's first citizen, Silas Beachley, arrived later that year.[21] With investments from railroad owner James J. Hill and Helena businessman Charles Arthur Broadwater, houses, a store, and a flour mill were established in 1884.[21][35][36][37][38] The Great Falls post office was established on July 10, 1884, and Paris Gibson was named the first postmaster.[39] A planing mill, lumber yard, bank, school, and newspaper were established in 1885.[35][38] By 1887 the town had 1,200 citizens, and in October of that year the Great Northern Railway arrived in the city.[35][37][38] Great Falls was incorporated on November 28, 1888.

Black Eagle Dam was built in 1890, and by 1912 Rainbow Dam and Volta Dam (now Ryan Dam) were all operating.[21][35][38]

Great Falls quickly became a thriving industrial and supply center and, by the early 1900s, was en route to becoming one of Montana's largest cities. The rustic studio of famed Western artist Charles Marion Russell was a popular attraction, as were the famed "Great Falls of the Missouri," after which the city was named. A structure billed as the "world's tallest smokestack" was completed in 1908 by the city's largest employer, the Anaconda Copper Mining Company's smelter, measuring 508 feet (155 m) tall. The Big Stack immediately became a landmark for the community. It was slated for demolition in 1983. However, the demolition crew failed to accomplish the task on the first try, leaving almost half of the structure erect. A few days later, they returned and finished the demolition.

Great Falls prospered further with the opening of a nearby military base in the 1940s, but as rail transportation and freight slowed in the later part of the century, outlying farming areas lost population, and with the closure of the smelter and cutbacks at Malmstrom Air Force Base in the 1980s, its population growth slowed.

Like other cities in the Great Plains and Midwest, the economy of Great Falls has suffered from the decline of heartland industry in recent years.

Schools

20 schools within the public school district: two public high schools, one alternative high school, two middle schools and 15 elementary schools.

Great Falls Public Schools website

The public high schools are Great Falls High School, and Charles M. Russell High School. The alternative is Paris Gibson Education Center.

The two middle schools are named North Middle School and East Middle School.

[40]

Media

Print

The Great Falls Tribune is published in Great Falls.

AM radio

FM radio

Military

Great Falls is home to Malmstrom Air Force Base and the 341st Missile Wing. The 341st Operations Group provides the forces to launch, monitor and secure the wing's Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and missile alert facilities (MAF).

These ICBMs and MAFs are dispersed over the largest missile complex in the Western Hemisphere, an area encompassing some 23,000 sq mi (59,570 km²) (approximately the size of the state of West Virginia).

The group manages a variety of equipment, facilities, and vehicles worth more than $5 billion.

Great Falls International Airport is also home to the Montana Air National Guard's 120th Fighter Wing. The 120th is composed of F-15 Eagles (F-15C/D) fighter aircraft and associated support personnel.

Great Falls is also home to the 889th Army Reserve Unit.

Police

The Great Falls Police Department is the municipal law enforcement agency. The GFPD has 82 sworn men and women and 37 civilian supportive staff. The department has many subdivisions including a High Risk Unit.[41]

The patrol division consists of 49 officers. There are four shifts. In 2005 the officers responded to 32,823 calls. There are three patrol teams. Each consists of a Lieutenant, two sergeants, and ten officers.[42] There are three canines on the GFPD force. K-9 York and K-9 Kelly and K-9 Rhingo. All three dogs are from Holland. Officers Bragg, LaBard and Green are the dogs' owners. The dogs specialize in drug detection and suspect apprehension.[43] Bike patrol consists of four officers and they mainly patrol the downtown section of the city. They volunteer to patrol on mountain bikes.[44] HRU is a SWAT team which is trained to handle dangerous situations. The candidates take on rigorous tasks.[44]

The GFPD was established in 1888. George E. Huy was the first police chief. At that time the department had two officers. The officers did not wear uniforms so they used plain clothes. The department got automobiles in 1914, and two-way radios in 1940, then computers in 1970. Now the department has 82 officers and 65 cars.[41]

The current police chief is Cloyd "Corky" Grove.[45]

Sports

Club Sport League Stadium (or Arena)
Great Falls Voyagers Baseball Pioneer League Centene Stadium

For the 1979-80 WHL Season, Great Falls and the Four Seasons Arena was the home of the Great Falls Americans hockey team. The team was 2-25 before folding. Great Falls has a rich baseball history with the Voyagers. Formerly called the White Sox, Dodgers and Giants, baseball players such as Pedro Martínez, Jose Offerman, and Raúl Mondesí have spent time in Great Falls with the team. Since 1988, the team has won the Pioneer League championship five times (1988, 1989, 1990, 2002 and 2008). In 2007, the Great Falls Explorers basketball team were the CBA National Conference Runner-Up.

The Mariana UFO Incident

The Mariana UFO Incident occurred in August 1950 in Great Falls. Nicholas "Nick" Mariana, the general manager of the Great Falls "Electrics" minor-league baseball team, and his secretary observed two "bright, silvery spheres" move rapidly over the city's empty baseball stadium. Mariana used his camera to film the objects; the film was one of the first ever taken of a UFO. The incident received widespread national publicity and is regarded as one of the first great UFO incidents in the United States. In 2007, the Great Falls White Sox were renamed as the Great Falls Voyagers to commemorate this event. The team logo features a green alien in a flying saucer.

Notable natives and residents

  • Valeen Tippetts Avery, American biographer and historian
  • Jason Beam, artist in the Dark Art genre
  • Walter Breuning, currently the oldest man in the world
  • James R. Browning, judge and former Chief Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and former Clerk of the United States Supreme Court
  • Dorothy Coburn, silent movie actress
  • Brian Coyle, Minnesota community leader and gay activist
  • Scott Davis, two-time U.S. Figure Skating Championships gold medalist
  • Dave Dickenson, Canadian Football League quarterback
  • Patrick Dwyer, National Hockey League player
  • Cory Fong, North Dakota State Tax Commissioner
  • Ted Geoghegan, horror filmmaker
  • John Gibbons, Major League Baseball manager
  • Paris Gibson, U.S. Senator, city founder
  • Missy Gold, child actress on Benson
  • Melony G. Griffith, member of the Maryland House of Delegates
  • A. B. Guthrie, Jr., Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Way West
  • Malcolm Hancock, magazine cartoonist
  • Charles S. Hartman, United States Representative from Montana
  • Paul G. Hatfield, Federal District Court Judge (1979 to 2000), former U.S. Senator, former Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court, former Montana state District Court Judge
  • Lester Hogan, pioneer in microwave and semiconductor technology
  • Joseph Kinsey Howard, author and historian
  • Jay L. Johnson, U.S. Navy admiral, Chief of Naval Operations
  • Edward McKnight Kauffer, early 20th century graphic designer and poster artist
  • Pert Kelton, actress, the original Alice Kramden on The Honeymooners
  • Ryan Leaf, National Football League quarterback
  • Barbara Luddy, American actress
  • Howard Lyman, vegetarian activist
  • Einar Axel Malmstrom, U.S. Air Force colonel
  • Mike Mansfield, U.S. Representative, Senator, longest-ever serving Senate majority leader, and U.S. Ambassador to Japan
  • Charles Marion Russell, western artist
  • Linda McDonald, drummer in all-girl metal band Phantom Blue
  • Leonard McEwan, former member of the Wyoming Supreme Court, born in Great Falls, relocated to Sheridan, Wyoming
  • Cyra McFadden, writer
  • Doran Mcgugan, Waste Management Clan Leader (Modern Warfare 2)
  • George Montgomery, actor, painter, sculptor, and stuntman, born in nearby Brady
  • Matt Morrison, Fox Sports Net sportscaster
  • John Misha Petkevich, U.S. Figure Skating Championships gold medalist
  • Andrew Nelson, Japanese-language lexicographer
  • Victoria Paris, adult film actress
  • Tera Patrick, adult film actress
  • Charley Pride, country singer
  • Gerald R. Molen, Academy Award–winning film producer
  • Charles Nelson Pray, former U.S. Representative from Montana
  • Traver Rains, one half of the New York fashion design duo Heatherette
  • Merle Greene Robertson, artist, art historian, archaeologist and Mayan researcher
  • William V. Roth, Jr., U.S. Representative and Senator from Delaware
  • Brian Salonen, tight end for the Dallas Cowboys
  • Wallace Stegner, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Angle of Repose
  • Haila Stoddard, American actor, writer, producer and director
  • Al Ullman, United States Congressman from Oregon
  • Reggie Watts, comedian, musician, performance artist
  • John Warner, justice of the Montana Supreme Court
  • Brett Weldele, comic book artist, Southland Tales graphic novels
  • Chad Cooper, rapper, artist, graphic designer
  • Bob Woolf, The Suns Gorilla National Basketball Association team mascot
  • Bill Zadick, 2006 World Freestyle Championships gold medalist at 66 kg/145.5 pounds
  • Mike Zadick, 2006 World Freestyle Championships silver medalist at 60 kg/132 pounds

Motion pictures filmed in Great Falls

Numerous motion pictures have been filmed in and around Great Falls, Montana. These movies include:

Sister city

Great Falls has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):

References

  1. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  2. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  3. ↑ Boerner, D.E.; Craven, J.A.; Kurtz, R.D.; Ross, G.M.; and Jones, F.W. "The Great Falls Tectonic Zone: Suture or Intracontinental Shear Zone?" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 35:2 (1998); O'Neill, J. Michael and Lo, David A. "Character and Regional Significance of Great Falls Tectonic Zone, East-Central Idaho and West-Central Montana." AAPG Bulletin. 69 (1985); Mueller, Paul A.; Heatherington, Ann L.; Kelly, Dawn M.; Wooden, Joseph L.; and Mogk, David W. "Paleoproterozoic Crust Within the Great Falls Tectonic Zone: Implications for the Assembly of Southern Laurentia." Geology. 30:2 (February 2002); Harms, Tekla A.; Brady, John B.; Burger, H. Robert; and Cheney, John T. "Advances in the Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, and Their Implications for the History of the Northern Wyoming Province." Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana. Special Papers, Volume 377. John B. Brady, H. Robert Burger, John T. Cheney, and Tekla A. Harms, eds. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, 2004. ISBN 0813723779
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Clawson, Roger and Shandera, Katherine A. Billings: The City and the People. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press, 1998. ISBN 1560370378
  5. ↑ McRae, W.C. and Jewell, Judy. Moon Montana. 7th ed. Cambridge, Mass.: PublicAffairs, 2009. ISBN 1598800140
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Montagne J.L. "Quatenary System, Wisconsin Glaciation." Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region. Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1972.
  7. ↑ Hill, Christopher L. and Valppu, Seppo H. "Geomorphic Relationships and Paleoenvironmental Context of Glaciers, Fluvial Deposits, and Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 14 (1997); Hill, Christopher L. "Pleistocene Lakes Along the Southwest Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 17 (2000); Hill, Christopher L. and Feathers, James K. "Glacial Lake Great Falls and the Late-Wisconsin-Episode Laurentide Ice Margin." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 19 (2002); Reynolds, Mitchell W. and Brandt, Theodore R. Geologic Map of the Canyon Ferry Dam 30' x 60' Quadrangle, West-Central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2860, scale 1:100,000. Scientific Investigations Map 2860. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geologic Survey, 2005.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Feathers, James K. and Hill, Christopher L. "Luminescence Dating of Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana, U.S.A." XVI International Quaternary Association Congress. Stratigraphy and Geochronology Session. International Quaternary Association, Reno, 2003.
  9. ↑ "Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. David J. Wishart, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. ISBN 0803247877
  10. ↑ Axline, Jon and Bradshaw, Glenda Clay. Montana's Historical Highway Markers. Rev. ed. Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society, 2008. ISBN 0975919644; Bowman, Isaiah. "Forest Physiography: Physiography of the United States and Principles of Soils in Relation to Forestry." American Environmental Studies. Reprint ed. Charles Gregg, ed. New York: Arno Press, 1970. ISBN 0405026595
  11. ↑ Botkin, Daniel B. Beyond the Stony Mountains: Nature in the American West from Lewis and Clark to Today. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195162439
  12. ↑ Fisher, Cassius A. "Geology of the Great Falls Coal Field, Montana." Bulletin - United States Geological Survey. Issue 356. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1909.
  13. ↑ DeCelles, Peter G. "Sedimentation in a Tectonically Partitioned, Nonmarine Foreland Basin: The Lower Cretaceous Kootenai Formation, Southwestern Montana." Geological Society of America Bulletin. 97:8 (August 1986).
  14. ↑ Weather.com—[1]. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  15. ↑ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 131.
  16. ↑ "Subcounty population estimates: Montana 2000–2007" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-03-18. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2007-30.csv. Retrieved 2009-05-08. 
  17. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  18. ↑ Davis, L.B., Hill, Christopher L.; and Fisher, Jr., Jack W. "Radiocarbon Dates for Paleoindian Components (Folsom, Scottsbluff) at the MacHaffie Site, West-Central Montana Rockies." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 19 (2002); Hill, Christopher L. "Middle and Late Wisconsin (Late Pleistocene) Paleoenvironmental Records from the Rocky Mountains: Lithostratigraphy and Geochronology of Blacktail Cave, Montana, U.S.A." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 18 (2001); Marsters, B.; Spiker, E.; and Rubin, M. "U.S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates X." Radiocarbon. 11 (1969); Harrington, C.R. Annotated Bibliography of Quaternary Vertebrates of Northern North America: With Radiocarbon Dates. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. ISBN 080204817X
  19. ↑ Strohmaier, David Jon. Drift Smoke: Loss and Renewal in a Land of Fire. Las Vegas, Nev.: University of Nevada Press, 2005. ISBN 0874176212
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; and Lang, William L. Montana: A History of Two Centuries. 2d rev. ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003. ISBN 0295971290
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 Federal Writers' Project. Montana: A State Guide Book. Washington, D.C.: Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration, 1939. ISBN 1603540253
  22. ↑ Fleming, Thomas J. The Louisiana Purchase. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2003. ISBN 0471267384
  23. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. ISBN 0684826976; Gilman, Carolyn. Lewis and Clark: Across the Divide. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2003. ISBN 1588340996; Lavender, David. The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent. New York: Harpercollins, 1988. ISBN 0060159820
  24. ↑ Pritchett, Michael. The Melancholy Fate of Capt. Lewis. Columbia, Mo.: Unbridled Books, 2007. ISBN 1932961410
  25. ↑ Betts, Robert B. In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark. Boulder, Colo.: Colorado Associated University Press, 1985. ISBN 0870817144; Hancock, Sibyl. Famous Firsts of Black Americans. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Company, 1983. ISBN 0882892401; Doig, Ivan. English Creek. New York: Atheneum, 1984. ISBN 0689114788
  26. ↑ Saindon, Robert A. Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark. Vol. 3. Scituate, Mass.: Digital Scanning Inc, 2003. ISBN 1582187665
  27. ↑ O'Neal, Bill. Fighting Men of the Indian Wars: A Biographical Encyclopedia of the Mountain Men, Soldiers, Cowboys, and Pioneers Who Took Up Arms During America's Westward Expansion. Stillwater, Okla.: Barbed Wire Press, 1991. ISBN 093526907X
  28. ↑ Allen, John Logan. North American Exploration: A Continent Comprehended. Vol. 3. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. ISBN 0803210434
  29. ↑ McManus, Sheila. The Line Which Separates: Race, Gender, and the Making of the Alberta-Montana Borderlands. Calgary: University of Alberta, 2005. ISBN 0888644345; Evans, Sterling. The Borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests: Essays on Regional History of the Forty-Ninth Parallel. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. ISBN 0803218265
  30. ↑ Tubbs, Stephenie Ambrose and Jenkinson, Clay. The Lewis and Clark Companion: An Encyclopedic Guide to the Voyage of Discovery. New York: Macmillan, 2003. ISBN 0805067264; Miller, James Knox Polk. The Road to Virginia City: The Diary of James Knox Polk Miller. Stillwater, Okla.: University of Oklahoma, 1960.
  31. ↑ Cutright, Paul Russell and Brodhead, Michael J. Elliott Coues: Naturalist and Frontier Historian. Reprint ed. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2001. ISBN 0252069870
  32. ↑ Luebke, Frederick C. Nebraska: An Illustrated History. 2d ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. ISBN 0803280424
  33. ↑ Lamar, Howard Roberts. Dakota Territory, 1861-1889: A Study of Frontier Politics. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1956; History of Southeastern Dakota. Sioux City, Iowa: Western Publishing Company, 1881.
  34. ↑ Rees, John E. Idaho Chronology, Nomenclature, Bibliography. Chicago: W.B. Conkey Co., 1918.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 Roeder, Richard B. "Paris Gibson and the Building of Great Falls." Montana: Magazine of Western History. 42:4 (Autumn 1992).
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 "Great Falls, Montana." In Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. David J. Wishart, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. ISBN 0803247877
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Malone, Michael P. James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest. Reprint ed. Stillwater, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. ISBN 0806128607
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Myers, Rex C. and Fritz, Harry W. Montana and the West: Essays in Honor of K. Ross Toole. Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Co., 1984. ISBN 0871082292; Martin, Albro. James J. Hill and the Opening of the Northwest. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1991. ISBN 0873512618
  39. ↑ Lutz, Dennis J. Montana Post Offices & Postmasters, p 24, p. 200. (1986) Minot, ND: published by the author & Montana Chapter No. 1, National Association of Postmasters of the United States.
  40. ↑ http://www.gfps.k12.mt.us
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 History | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
  42. ↑ Patrol Services | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
  43. ↑ K-9 Dog Unit | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 http://greatfallsmt.net/people_offices/police/specialu.php
  45. ↑ Administration | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana

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